Madison had the lowest rates of violent (0.4) and property crime (10.4) this year. He originally worked for Movoto Real Estate as the director of marketing before founding HomeSnacks. Horn Lake has a similar violent crime rate to Brandon. 7Brookhaven12125933464443936.217.6728.543.63 This matches our observations from the State of Safety survey: respondents cited fewer personal experiences with property crime than last year. Click on the state image or dropdown menu below to check out the safest cities for each state. This is possible by associating the 9.4 million reported crimes in the U.S, including over 2 million geocoded point locations. US Census Bureau, "Data Explorer," Accessed January 24, 2022. People who live in Jackson consider the central neighborhoods the worst part of town, and you risk a 1 in 16 chance of becoming a victim of violent crime there. Violent crimes are defined in the UCR Program as those offenses that involve force or threat of force. There are 11 casinos available for you to play slots or cards, but the crime rate in the area might make you reconsider. COLUMBIA, Miss. The mayor listed the factors contributing to the citys homicide rate as: Those arent excuses, Lumumba said, but factors residents need to know to understand the difficult realities behind the scenes. Crime, My Chances of Becoming a Victim of a 20.41. Best Places, Find a Place Search Tool, Accessed January 24, 2022. Although theres little hard data available regarding the causes of increased murder, some activists have drawn a correlation between open carry policies and, subsequently, higher murder rates. Despite the uptick in murders, it's nothing like you'd see in Tijuana or Caracas where the murder rate is 2x any American city. But the homicide rate in Chicago, with a population of roughly 2.7 million, stood at 29.6 per 100,000 population. The Chicago Police Department reported the city had 799 homicides in 2021, more than Jacksons 155. Railroads, then cars, then the airplane made river travel less crucial. Image: SafeWise. National Average: 85.3%. Crime Rate (per 1,000 residents) 2.54. While this state does have lower-than-average crime levels, it isnt the safest in the area. All rights reserved. Her hobbies include fixing up her 100-year-old house, doing artsy stuff, and going to the lake with her family. Safest Cities in Mississippi, 2019. Population: 45,870Rank Last Year: 9 (Up 4)Violent Crimes Per 100k: 372 (Tenth most dangerous)Property Crimes Per 100k: 5,271 (Third most dangerous)More on Hattiesburg: |Cost Of Living. Learn more. Date(s) & Update Frequency: What You Need To Know! If youre visiting the state any time soon, we urge you to avoid the cities on this list. Then last year, the city shattered the record again. Where is 2022 data? Violent crime is on par with the national average, but property crime is a problem. As charmingly quaint as that is, it doesnt save the town from sky-high crime rates. Ranked eighth highest in violent crime, you have a 1 in 237 chance of being a victim of murder or rape. These days? We aim to deliver infotainment about where you live that your real estate agent won't tell you. Compare Meridian crime data to other cities, states, and neighborhoods in the U.S. on NeighborhoodScout. Its terrible, said Jennings-Hobbs. However, the city makes up for it with a low violent crime rate thats under half of the national average. Compared to other big cities, the violent crime rate in Gulfport ranks 428th highest in America -- 18.49% worse than US average violent crime rate. Keep in mind that are always safe and dangerous parts of any city, so even though Gulfport might be considered dangerous you still need to be aware of where you are. An influx of guns on the street, many of them high-powered, semi-automatic assault rifles. Robberies and violent crimes also happen at a high rate. So much so that a Confederate surrender there on July 4, 1863, marked a crucial turning point in the Civil War. 18,000 local law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Placing a priority on mentoring young students in the Jackson Public Schools. On Alarms.org, consumers will find important research, articles, reports, and everything else they need to know about home security and safety. 10Meridian375001551477107163243.524.1339.392.85 Despite having a higher property crime rate than the US, Mississippi saw a 11% decrease year over year and experienced less property crime than the East South Central regional rate. This left 3,381 cities (out of a total of 9,251). 74% of Mississippians surveyed use some form of property protection. Like most states, murder is the least common violent crime in The Magnolia State. This area teems with criminal activity, including the number 1 rate of burglaries in the state. 16% of survey respondents reported having a personal experience with violent crime 12 months prior to the surveydown two percentage points from last year. Higher than Birmingham, Atlanta, Detroit, and even Chicago, the city with the most overall slayings in 2021. However, those who live here often describe it as being low in social and shopping opportunities. Crime Insight . Biloxi ranks on this list with the third-highest violent crime in Mississippi, plus theres a 1 in 17 chance of being a victim of theft or robbery. We will update the results when data becomes available in September 2022. There are even 12 of Mississippis famous coastal casinos, so whats not to love about this town? Compare Yazoo City crime data to other cities, states, and neighborhoods in the U.S. on NeighborhoodScout. Unfortunately for Meridian, its also overrun with crime and regularly features on Most Dangerous lists like this one. You know, the kind of places where your southern charm will get you nowhere. Police say 18-year-old Kennedy Hobbs had stopped at a Texaco gas station-convenience store and was an innocent bystander when she was shot three times on June 1. "Match Any Neighborhood" calculates the Match Level of one neighborhood to another using more than 200 characteristics of each neighborhood. Other than the beach, Biloxi is well-known for its gambling. Jackson's violent crime rate is 2.6x greater than the national average. A post shared by Joey Jones (@joeyjones.official). A backed-up court system and state Crime Lab. This story was produced by theMississippi Center for Investigative Reporting, a nonprofit news organization that is exposing wrongdoing, educating and empowering Mississippians, and raising up the next generation of investigative reporters. But even as homicides rose in many cities, they fell in in Boston, Charlotte, Dallas and most notably in St. Louis, where the city of 300,000 in 2020 had theworst homicide ratein the nation and, like Jackson In 2021, the highest on record in the citys history. Mississippis safest city is Madison, a city of over 25,000 in the Jackson Metropolitan Area. SafeWise, 2021 State of Safety survey, Accessed March 8, 2022. The property crime rate in the ranks 90th highest in the United States -- 99.87% worse than US average property crime rate. This article refers to crime in the U.S. state of Mississippi.. Statistics. Mississippi is a state of southern charm, most commonly known for its bluegrass music, magnolias, and southern-style cuisine. Yes, we've taken the guessing out of the equation and created a list of the most dangerous places in Mississipi for 2022. Violent crimes are those where someone gets hurt think murder and assault. We eliminated any cities that failed to submit a complete crime report to the FBI and cities with populations under 10,000. What's even crazier is that Mississippi had 285 violent crimes and 2,733 property crimes and managed to stay out of the top ten most dangerous states in the country for 2022. Not for religious reasons -- it sat at the point where two railroads crossed. This Web site is funded through a grant from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice (2018-FU-CX-K045).

"}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Is Gulfport, MS a dangerous city? And, shockingly, the city with the most assaults and murders in the state has less than 15,000 residents. Strangely enough, Biloxi is also rated as one of the most expensive places to live in the country. A post shared by Tommy Stanley (@tstanley_properties). Note the latest reporting year from the FBI was 2020 and that no city in America is 'dangerous'. Also of note in the town is the zoo and golf course, but thats about it. And these are not even Mississippi's most dangerous places. It was higher than in 93.3% U.S. cities. The better news is that Laurel ranks only seventh on the list for property crime. Therefore, even the safest towns in Mississippi will be more dangerous than the safest towns in some other states, like Tennessee or Kentucky. We asked Mississippi residents which crimes they worry may happen to them. The property crime rates for burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft are: Jackson Burglary Rate: 1,281 burglaries per 100,000 people. Birmingham has reported some officers have left the department, which has more than 900 officers but no mass exodus. Economic deterioration has led to a situation where crime has now become the only way some residents can make ends meet. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'roadsnacks_net-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',606,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roadsnacks_net-medrectangle-3-0');The place that is the most dangerous in Mississippi? Therefore, Mississippi is quite a bit safer than average. To request a report of the remaining cities in your state, sign up for our email newsletter (we make it easy in a quick form below!) The large majority of property crimes are theft, which tends to happen more in high-poverty areas. We then created a crime rate as the number of crimes per 1,000 population. In this report Violent crime rates Property crime rates Interesting findings The Safest Cities Methodology How to make a safe home anywhere Jackson's violent crime rate is 3.6x greater than the state . Its also an industrial powerhouse, home to numerous of the states biggest employers, like General Motors and Huntington Ingalls Shipbuilding. All the trademarks displayed on this page are the property of Location, Inc. Overall, this down is still safer than most, but its higher crime rate pushed it down to number six. Violent crime isnt that bad but still 40% higher than the national average. Craft supplies can easily take over any room in your house if youre not careful. Alina is a safety and security expert that has contributed her insights to CNET, CBS, Digital Trends, MTV, Top Ten Reviews, and many others.

Yes, Gulfport is a dangerous city. Many of the crimes in Gulfport are clustered in the southeast area of town, and you have a 1 in 13 chance of being the victim of a crime there. We also continue to increase the number of officers we have in our police department by holding recruitment training academies and taking measures to boost their pay, Lumumba said. Mississippi is generally regarded as a safer state to live in. Byram, a small city in Hinds County, earns the title of Mississippi's #3 safest city on the strength of a very good 1.59 per 1,000 violent crime rate. Mississippi's violent crime rate increased year over year from 2.6 reported per 1,000 residents to 2.9. Therefore, while you may not have a very high chance of being involved in a violent crime, the odds of you being involved in theft are quite high. If nothing else, practice common-sense safety. There are not areas that are extremely dangerous like there are in some other states. There are other contributing factors at play in Jackson and Hinds County, Lumumba said. *SafeWise has conducted impartial research to recommend products. Jackson Theft Rate: 2,927 thefts per 100,000 people. If you have a population that expects nothing to happen if you commit a small crime, gradually its going to erupt into something bigger…If they are slinging dope, eventually they will sling bullets.. Offers and availability may vary by location and are subject to change. There are two types of crimes: violent crimes and property crimes. The housing is known for being affordable, and the schools are decent. Therefore, it has quite a few restaurants, services, and entertainment options. A staggering quarter of Brookhavens population is in poverty, which helps explain the high crime rates. No matter where you go in Meridian, though, you may wish to take measures to protect yourself. You have a 1 in 32 chance of experiencing a burglary or car theft and a 1 in 191 chance of being a victim of a violent crime. This variable was alsotransformed and normalized. However, it does not have the extremely high crime rate of Memphis, which is one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. What City Has the Lowest Crime Rate in Mississippi? A post shared by The Lucky Rabbit, Hattiesburg (@theluckyrabbit). Our nationwide meta-analysis overcomes the issues inherent in any crime database, including non-reporting and reporting errors. This is well above the 60% average for the US. Gun Violence Archive, Past Summary Ledgers, Accessed January 24, 2022. Read full disclaimer. Madison is safer than 78% of the cities in the United States. (WDAM) - The Columbia Police Department issued an annual report on crime statistics for the city. {"@context": "https://schema.org","@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [{"@type": "Question", "name": "Is Mississippi a dangerous state? Something has got to be done about it., More: 'Interrupt the cycle': Jackson mayor wants focus on intervention efforts to reduce crime. Sign up for our weekly newsletter emails to get the latest news and tips to make your life safer.

"}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Is Gulfport, MS a dangerous city? Then we transformed the total crime rate variable so that the skewness was reduced and normalized. But doing so forces you to take on some risk. At first glance, it seems to be a really quiet town, but dark things lie beneath the surface. Even in a town with crime, there are plenty of gems. This is nearly double the amount from the previous year. However, this community has a slightly higher violent crime rate, so it isnt quite as safe as Madison. This isn't LeBron's Cleveland. Mayor Tishaura Jones told the Washington Post that the drop was an indication her strategy of addressing violent crime at its source by reducing poverty, engaging young people and allowing police to focus their energies on the worst violent offenders can achieve results. Find the top 10 safest places to live in MS. Reports; Match . Theres a 1 in 26 chance of being a victim of property crime here, and it has the second-highest violent crime in the state. As it stands today, Jackson has one of the highest murder rates in the entire country. The NeighborhoodScout search engine is covered under US Patents No. Chasing Chains, LLC. For now, the number is back up, to 69. The downtown area is often described as very charming, and most residents agree that there are plenty of shops and restaurants. Ranked the 12th most violent city in Mississippi, Batesville residents have a 1 in 424 chance of being the victim of violence. When people do not have enough money to get the things they need, they steal or get them through other means. However, it has a very high property crime rate. Gulfport ranks as the #118 most dangerous out of 1416 major cities over 30,000 people in the United States based on our analysis of the latest FBI Crime Data. We want to point out again that there's still safes places in Cleveland and that this isn't a comment on the people that live there. It likely wont be lower for longer. Madison is by far the safest community in Mississippi. Byrd said there are two kinds of crime occurring in Jackson: Crime of opportunity and crime of passion. All rights reserved. Violent Crime Comparison (per 1,000 residents), Property Crime Comparison (per 1,000 residents). In 2017-2018 the violent crime rate dropped 8%. 274. . So please don't beat us up. As a result, the city has a high rate of robberies, as well as more serious crimes, like assaults and murders.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'roadsnacks_net-banner-1','ezslot_8',604,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roadsnacks_net-banner-1-0'); Population: 14,497Rank Last Year: -Violent Crimes Per 100k: 669 (Fourth most dangerous)Property Crimes Per 100k: 4,407 (Sixth most dangerous)More on Natchez: |Cost Of Living. But last year,homicides fell dropping 26 percent, according to police crime data. Closing out the top 5 is Oxford, which had the 2nd lowest violent crime rate in the state in 2018. A former center of the lumber and railroad industries, Hattiesburg is also the home of the University of Southern Mississippi. Professional vs DIY Home Security System Installation. How did we choose the safest places to live in Mississippi? *Amazon.com price as of post date. There are many factors at play. The top forms of property protection in Mississippi were firearms and guard dogs. Past 12 months=12 months prior to survey. Your chance of being a victim of violent crime in Meridian is 1 in 236 and property crime is 1 in 34. The several recruit classes the department held in 2021 lowered the number of openings to about 67, Davis said at a public meeting. Atlanta police said they investigated 158 homicides in 2021, but three of those were from incidents that happened in the previous year. Unfortunately, for a town so rich in history, you have a 1 in 19 chance of being a property crime victim. Learn more. So, smaller Mississippi cities like McComb and Greenwood are starting to suffer the consequences. He said they can add part-time police officers from other jurisdictions. Jackson, MS Image Credit: Sean Pavone, Shutterstock Lying along the Pearl River, Jackson is an example of an American city run amok. Curious about crime and safety in your area? But then again, so was Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The population is growing, but the area is not quite large. Use at your own risk. This correlates with a reported decrease in personal experiences with violent crime and property crime in the 12 months prior to our survey. Despite the uptick in murders, it's nothing like you'd see in Tijuana or Caracas where the murder rate is 2x any American city.

There were 925 crimes reported in Laurel, Mississippi in 2019, the most recent year crime data is available. The Mississippian capital was once known for its numerous museums, musical history, and great food. Current Jackson Police Chief James Davis said last year that the Jackson Police Department was budgeted for 400 sworn officers but had a vacancy of about 100 officers. The city has a population of roughly 200,733, based on the 2020 Census. The number of homicides stood at 2 - an increase of 1 compared to 2018. Compared to last year, Mississippian survey respondents to our State of Safety survey worried less frequently about their safety. SafeWise is an independent review site. Overall, it has a lower crime rate than most of the United States. Corinth was originally known as Cross City. ", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "

If you ignore all the small crime, it will lead up to something major. The most common crime is larceny, so lock your wallet in your car before strolling through the park. The most dangerous place in Mississippi would be Cleveland based on FBI data. Believe it or not, though, the violent crime here is slightly below average. View crime rates for all cities, towns, counties, and regional authorities in Mississippi. In 2021 especially, MS capital Jackson was known as the Murder Capital of the US, with more murders than nearly any other US city. This community is very close to Biloxi, which is its main draw. Laurel boasts a low cost of living but the second-highest violent crime rate in Mississippi. Population: 21,420Rank Last Year: -Violent Crimes Per 100k: 770 (Second most dangerous)Property Crimes Per 100k: 4,211 (Ninth most dangerous)More on Vicksburg: |Cost Of Living|Crime Report. Though Mississippis property crime rate is slightly above the national average, its violent crime rate is just 63% of the national violent crime rate. Neither the U.S. Department of Justice nor any of its components operate, control, are . No, that Cleveland is in Ohio. Larceny is also off the charts, so keep an eye on your belongings and lock your car doors. The city logged just 18 violent crimes in 2018, resulting in a 0.7 per 1,000 violent crime rate, and its property crime rate is less-than-half the national rate. Compare local crime rates to other cities, state average, and national average. Madison crime rates are 79% lower than the national average. Violent Learn how we identified the safest cities on our methodology page. Detroit reported 309 homicides, down from its previous high of 324 in 2020. Bottom left office this month after not seeking reelection after serving one term as mayor. This decently populous community has a low violent crime and property crime rate, putting you at a lower risk for practically any crime. However, much of this is due to the higher-than-average income. Had there been some action on the first case, it might had prevented other cases, Johnson said of the need to analyze some cases. Still, many residents describe it as a pleasant place to live. It's not even the Cleveland where you can make fun of the fact that the river once caught fire. , reported fewer than 100 total property crimes. If you're looking for something more national, check out the most dangerous cities in America or the most dangerous states in America. Jeep Towing Capacity Brand by Brand Comparison, How Much Can a Toyota Tacoma Tow? Compared to last year, Mississippian survey respondents to our. Continue with Recommended Cookies. When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. She is buried in the same cemetery as her boyfriend, 21-year-old Jaquan Williams, who was killed after a dispute outside a convenience store. The crime rate is only 2.8, currently, while the average in the United States is 3.6 violent crimes per 1,000 people. The latest reporting year from the FBI was 2020.

Fascinated by all sort of tools, Pete loves reading and writing about all the latest gadgets and accessories that hit the market. We consulted the numbers. To create the list, we looked at both property crimes (burglary, theft, vehicle theft) and violent crimes (murder, rape, robbery, assault), then calculated the number of . Read, Everything You Need to Know About Home Security, The Best Medical Alert Systems for Fall Detection. Brookhaven was named after a town in New York and is home to the longest-running community theater in all of Mississippi: the Little Theater, with almost 200 productions to date. Alarms.org is Copyright 2019 The National Council For Home Safety and Security. Byram, 4th in the ranking of Mississippis safest cities, has a minor issue with property crime: its rate is slightly above the national average. We looked at the FBI's latest crime report for violent crime and property crime statistics for every place with over 5,000 residents. Its history goes even beyond this, however, being named for the Natchez tribe -- a tradition celebrated in the town's Grand Village of the Natchez Indians. Birmingham's. In Madison you have a 1 in 207 chance of becoming a victim of crime. Before the night ended, she would join him, becoming as he was a victim in Jacksons record 155 homicides in 2021 the highest per capita murder rate in the nation. Inability to detain offenders in the Hinds County detention system because a federal consent decree limits the number of individuals that can be housed. More collaboration with federal, state and other law enforcement, including working with political leaders in the tri-county area on crime enforcement and prevention. View the complete 2022 State of Safety report. You can check out some of the historical monuments around town. You also have to ensure that you arent commuting to a more dangerous area. Note: This articles statistics come from third-party sources and do not represent the opinions of this website. However, there do seem to be many job opportunities and budding student life. Property and Violent Crime Summary Yet, the citys above average property crime, perhaps stemming from being home to the University of Mississippi, pushes it down in the ranking. The most dangerous place in Mississippi would be Cleveland based on FBI data. A post shared by Coastal Mississippi (@coastalms), Pascagoula is a stones through away from Ocean Springs and Gautier, right along the coast. 18% of participants reported experiencing.

"}}]}. Batesville is Panola County's largest community and one of two county seats. Most accurate 2021 crime rates for Yazoo City, MS. What Do Humidifiers Do and How Do They Work. However, property crimes are when property only gets hurt. It's not the Cleveland that claims ownership over rock n' roll. Methodology: Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Other fun facts are that Laurel is the hometown of Lance Bass of NSYNC, plus the oldest art museum in Mississippi: the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art. 8Ocean Springs17726365895262535.262.0333.232.93 The latest FBI crime data shows that Cleveland ranks as the most dangerous city in Mississippi for 2022. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. It is often described as pleasant and quiet, and the lower violent crime rate is appreciated. It is easier to maintain and doesnt. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy | How We Rank and Review |. If you take a stroll on Batesville Main Street, a popular tourist attraction, better be aware of your surroundings. What's even crazier is that Mississippi had 285 violent crimes and 2,733 property crimes and managed to stay out of the top ten most dangerous states in the country for 2022. Our nationally-comparable school ratings are covered under US Patent No. The 3rd city in the ranking, Clinton, earned the lowest violent crime rate in the state, a remarkable 0.60 per 1,000. We then ranked each city from 1 to 32 for the two criteria with a #1 ranking being the most dangerous for the particular criteria. Note the latest reporting year from the FBI was 2020 and that no city in America is 'dangerous'. Unfortunately, its also a leader in poverty, unemployment, and a lower life expectancy. Atlantas population is about 500,000, meaning the homicide rate for the city was 31.6 per 100,000 population. , the state compares favorably to others in the southeast region of the country in terms of crime. But, you may not stay very long because this city is also on the worst places to live in Mississippi list as well. Much of Vicksburgs crime is concentrated in the citys south area; by contrast, the northwest side enjoys a lower crime rate. The city listed in Mississippi as the safest is Madison.As of 2018 there were only 18 violent crimes. 10 Best Electric Tillers of 2023 Reviews & Top Picks, 4 Useful DIY Chuck Box Plans You Can Make Today (with Pictures). However, the cost of living is also quite high, which means that the community is not accessible to many families. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Mississippi Crime Statistics. The rate in Jackson, with a population of 153,701, was about 100 per 100,000 population. Byrd, retired city of Jackson employee,said if you crunch the numbers on the more than 150 homicides, the majority of the victims and those charged so far in the crimes were in the age range of 13 to 31. The west neighborhoods of Pascagoula are very dangerous, with a 1 in 9 chance of being a crime victim there. Note the latest reporting year from the FBI was 2020 and that no city in America is 'dangerous'. In terms of violent crime, it has the highest crime rates in the state, but it has only the seventh-most property crimes in Mississippi. High poverty and unemployment rates are the most significant issues affecting crime rates. This city ranks eighth highest in property crime. Compare Natchez crime data to other cities, states, and neighborhoods in the U.S. on NeighborhoodScout. Davis said the COVID pandemic has hampered community policing. Codee Chessher is a freelance writer with extensive knowledge on a variety of subjects that include travel, sound engineering, automotive, DIY, pets, and more. Crime. Sadly, for its tourism industry, or perhaps because of it, Gulfport has the fourth-highest property crime rate in Mississippi. Although its ranked as a top place to raise a family due to the cheap cost of living, West Point has crime issues that make it difficult to recommend. He has a colorful past that includes building schools and commercial driving, but the written word was always his first love. What is the safest county in Mississippi? In fact, when compared to surrounding states, Mississippi has the second-lowest crime rate. Finally, we ranked every city on the "Dangerous Index" with the lowest index being the most dangerous in Mississippi -- Cleveland. Jackson, Mississippi CNN Around Thanksgiving, this crisis-plagued state capital saw a series of shootings that pushed the year's homicide total past 130, setting a grim annual record for a. Most reported crimes occur in the southwest parts of the city, while the southeast areas are much safer. Pascagoula is up 1 from last year, but it still ranks second highest in property crime. But as Ive said before, this is a problem we cant merely out-police. No, Mississippi is not a dangerous state as it ranks as the #17 safest state in the United States based on our analysis of the latest FBI Crime Data. However, while we share that unfortunate reality, it would be incomplete to summarize the rise in crime in Jackson to the pandemic alone. Since 2019, murders have spiked by over 30%. employeesTotal crimesCrime rate per 1,000Violent crimes per 1,000Property crimes per 1,000Law enforcement per 1,000 That history is commemorated in the Crossroads Museum, full of memorabilia from both railroading history and the Civil War.