a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by In the previous example, the criteria may include that navigation from point A to point B be accomplished within 5 minutes of the preplanned flight time and that en route altitude be maintained within 200 feet. The main advantages are less time spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training, and higher levels of mastery and retention, Distance learning, or the use of electronic media to deliver instruction when the instructor and student are separated, is another advantage to e-learning. The steps in Figure 4-6 form a guideline for lesson presentation. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice. On the other hand, CAL is a useful tool for aviation instructors. They learn by applying what they have been told and shown. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. Learning assessment is another important skill of an effective instructor. by Because improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft, SBT challenges the student or transitioning pilot with a variety of flight scenarios with the goal of reducing accidents. He has turned this knowledge into practical knowledge utilized in the teaching process. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. There is general agreement about certain factors that seem pertinent to understanding the use of instructional aids, During the communicative process, the sensory register of the memory acts as a filter. In preparing questions, the instructor should remember that the purpose is to stimulate discussion, not merely to get answers. The nature of the questions should be determined by the lesson objective and desired learning outcomes, Once the discussion is underway, the instructor should listen attentively to the ideas, experiences, and examples contributed by the students during the discussion. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. Another example is dead reckoning, which forces pilots to be aware of there surroundings at all times. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. Professional instructors should not limit their objectives to meeting only the published requirements for pilot or AMT certification, Instructional objectives should also extend beyond those listed in official publications. A typical system consists of a CD or DVD and a computer. B. want to escape from frustrating situations. Manage the daily maintenance efforts for 9 P-3C aircraft to meet short and long range flight tasking. The instructor has better control of the situation, can change the approach to meet any contingency, and can tailor each idea to suit the responses of the students. Rather, flight maneuvers are integrated into the flight training scenarios and conducted as they would occur in the real world. Consider the continued expansion of technical terminology in everyday usage. This is the lead-off question and its purpose is to get the discussion started. Individual maintenance instructors, as well as publishers, have compiled lists of typical questions and projects. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. Periodic review and assessment by the instructor is necessary to ensure that the student has not acquired any bad habits, As the student becomes proficient with the fundamentals of flight and aircraft maneuvers or maintenance procedures, the instructor should increasingly emphasize ADM as a means of applying what has been previously learned. While aviation instructors are expected to be familiar with all regulatory training requirements, use of instructororiented training materials which are enhanced for regulatory compliance can be very beneficial for ensuring required training is being accomplished, endorsed, and properly documented. robot dreams by isaac asimov answers; skycity staff intranet. Even though most aircraft are equipped with some sort of navigational system, instructors should teach students the basics of navigation. Networking with and observing other instructors to learn new strategies is also helpful. A major advantage of CDs and DVDs is the capability to store enormous amounts of information. Decision-based training objectives allow for a more dynamic training environment and are ideally suited to scenario type training. Refer to Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, for detailed information on requirements for an aviation training syllabus and the building-block concept for curriculum development, The main concern of the instructor is usually the more manageable task of organizing a block of training with integrated lesson plans. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by It is also a good idea at this time to let students know whether or not questions during the lecture are welcomed. B. want to escape from frustrating situations. For example, the student controls the pace of instruction, reviews previous material, jumps forward, and receives instant feedback. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by On the other hand, an independent instructor may have considerable latitude, but limited resources. With the display of an operating model, the students can observe how each part works in relation to the other parts. By removing the NTSBs determination of probable cause, a flight instructor can use the description as a case study. A model is even more effective if it works like the original, and if it can be taken apart and reassembled. This complex process is enhanced by the use of appropriate instructional aids that highlight and emphasize the main points or concepts, The working or short-term memory functions are limited by both time and capacity. It should be noted that PTS and O&P standards are limited to the most critical job tasks. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. It is important for instructors to remember: Technical knowledge is useless if the instructor fails to communicate it effectively, The two-way process of effective communication means actively listening to the student, as well as teaching him or her, In the previous scenario, Bob uses the guided group discussion period to listen to his students discuss the weight and balance problem. It promotes learning through repetition because those things most often repeated are best remembered. It could be a private pilot certificate, an instrument rating, or an AMT certificate or rating. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. In the first one, the flight instructor designs a training scenario for the virtual pilots. What can be done to improve the flight instructor role? This allows the student to make decisions that fit his or her experience level and result in positive outcomes. First, it will familiarize flight instructors with the FITS program, including its history, objectives, methods, and future goals. Students in these centers are often monitored by a teachers aide or other trained personnel who can provide guidance, answer questions, and act as a conduit to the instructor who is responsible for the training. With searchand-find features incorporated, a CD or DVD is a powerful information source. Some models are solid and show only the outline of the object they portray, while others can be manipulated or operated, Although a model may not be a realistic copy of an actual piece of equipment, it can be used effectively in explaining operating principles of various types of equipment. Performance-based objectives are essential in defining exactly what needs to be done and how it is done during each lesson. The human mind rarely retains, evaluates, and applies new concepts or practices after a single exposure. Flight instructors in particular must be aware of this problem since students often do a lot of their practice without an instructor. For the instructor, maintaining control of the learning situation may be difficult. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. Models are especially adaptable to small group discussions in which students are encouraged to ask questions. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. They can explore areas that interest them and discover more about a subject on their own. Some of these include study guides, exercise books, course outlines, and syllabi. When a student is able to perform according to well-defined standards, evidence of learning is apparent. Redbird GIFT: Flight Training Upgrade - Aviation Consumer The constant use of "What If?" In a guided discussion, the instructor guides the discussion with the goal of reinforcing a learning objective related to the lesson. The controller directed the pilot to two different nearby airports, but both were below minimums. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. [Figure 4-1]. However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. In brief, the introduction is made up of three elements: attention, motivation, and an overview of what is to be covered, The purpose of the attention element is to focus each students attention on the lesson. This motivation should appeal to each student personally and engender a desire to learn the material, Every lesson introduction should contain an overview that tells the group what is to be covered during the period. By incorporating ADM and risk management into each lesson, the aviation instructor helps the student learn, develop, and reinforce the decision-making process which ultimately leads to sound judgment and good decision-making skills, Performance-based objectives are used to set measurable, reasonable standards that describe the desired performance of the student. For example, once the instructor decides how the student will accomplish the objective, most of the work that determines the elements of the lesson and the schedule of events has been done. Sequencing can be emphasized and made clearer by the use of contrasting colors, The effectiveness of aids and the ease of their preparation can be increased by initially planning them in rough draft form. They must also hold a current ATP or commercial certificate and earn a score of more than 70% on an FAA-administered flight instructor demonstrated knowledge test. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. As the student progresses through higher levels of performance and understanding, the instructor should shift the training focus to decision-based training objectives. Generally, the syllabus contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is well used. Who trains the trainers? Gamification of flight instructor learning in Frequently, good organization and natural patterns of logic dictate the sequence. PDF Advisory - Federal Aviation Administration The chalk or marker board is a widely used tool for instructors. The alert reader has already noted that the conditions and criteria changed slightly during the development of these objectives, and that is exactly the way it will occur. Its versatility and effectiveness provide several advantages for most types of instruction. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. For the aviation instructor, the objectives listed in the syllabus are a beginning point for instruction, Aviation training involves two types of objectives: performance based and decision based. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. Enhanced training materials that include these benchmarks can help aviation instructors complete, endorse, and document required training, For example, the training syllabi represent enhanced training material and contain provisions for instructor endorsements and recordkeeping. Just as the technician uses some tools more than others, the instructor uses some methods more often than others. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. Everyone has the opportunity to comment, listen, think, and participate. For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. There are a number of professional development opportunities for aviation instructors, such as Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) seminars, industry conventions, professional organizations, and online classes. It is well suited for the aircraft maintenance instructor who uses it in the shop to teach welding, and the flight instructor who uses it in teaching piloting skills, Every instructor should recognize the importance of student performance in the learning process. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. This may include important safety considerations, Select the ideas to be supported with instructional aids. Next, explain and demonstrate the steps involved in performing the skill being taught. The benefit of PBL lies in helping the learner gain a deeper understanding of the information and in the learner improving his or her ability to recall the information. It is important for the instructor to understand in advance which outcomes are positive and/or negative and give the student freedom to make both good and poor decisions without jeopardizing safety. The established criteria or standards to determine whether the training has been adequate are the passing of knowledge and practical tests required by 14 CFR for the issuance of pilot certificates. Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" For example, consider a video presentation given during the weight and balance lecture. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. Aids that involve learning a physical skill should guide students toward mastery of the skill or task specified in the lesson objective, Instructional aids have no value in the learning process if they cannot be heard or seen. In the opening scenario, students performed a task (weight and balance computation) as a group, and prior to terminating the performance phase, they were allowed to independently complete the task at least once with supervision and coaching as necessary, In this phase, the instructor judges student performance. Only after reasonable competence has been demonstrated should the student be allowed to practice certain maneuvers on solo flights. Picturesque slang and free-and-easy colloquialisms, if they suit the subject, can add variety and vividness to a teaching lecture. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. entry of bacteriophages and animal viruses into host cells. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. During a formal lecture, the speakers purpose is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain with little or no verbal participation by the students. objective of each period of instruction. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. The objectives must be written. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. Whether working as an individual instructor or employed by a flight or maintenance school, the instructor must ensure that each student accomplishes a number of important benchmarks. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. This overview can alleviate a significant source of uncertainty and frustration on the part of the student, As indicated in chapter 1, training objectives apply to all three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, values), and psychomotor (physical skills). (Note that these same suggestions include many that are appropriate for planning cooperative learning, to be discussed later in the chapter. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. High-quality, commercially produced CDs and DVDs are available for almost every aviation training subject. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience. This actually gives the instructor more time for one-on-one teaching. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by With a briefing, the speaker presents a concise array of facts to the listeners who normally do not expect elaboration of supporting material. (1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part; (2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or (3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. This is necessary to be certain a student is on track with the training syllabus. He is flying the four of them to the "big" football game. In the second, the instructor observes the pilots' behavior during the simulation, gives feedback if necessary and evaluates their skills. PDF Study and Reference Guide The instructor speaks from a mental or written outline, but does not read or memorize the material to be presented. Major advantages of CAL are that students can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them and are often able to access the CAL at their own convenience, Another benefit of CAL is the test prep study guides, useful for preparation for the FAA knowledge tests. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions. When using this method, instructors should keep their own discussion to a minimum since the goal is student participation, Instructors can also use another form of discussion, the guided discussion method, to ensure the student has correctly received and interpreted subject information, The guided discussion method relies on student possession of a level of knowledge about the topic to be discussed, either through reading prior to class or a short lecture to set up the topic to be discussed. SBT is a powerful tool because the future is unpredictable and there is no way to train a pilot for every combination of events that may happen in the future, Should promote situational awareness and opportunities for decision-making, Collaboration (two or more people working together) to solve problems has been used throughout time. This is a good indication that the original version was confusing to that person. The instructor needs to keep up with the discussion and know when to intervene with questions or redirect the groups focus. A syllabus is a summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. Basic VOR/NDB radio navigation procedures are also perishable and could save lives if proficiency is maintained. In most instructional situations, the instructors explanation and demonstration activities are alternated with student performance efforts. At times, instructors may feel that they are doing more one-on-one instruction than in a normal classroom setting, but repetitive forms of teaching may be accomplished by computer. Review and assessment are integral parts of each classroom, and/or flight lesson. By being a lifelong learner, the aviation professional remains current in both aviation and education. Once again, open-ended "what if" problems encourage the students an opportunity to develop HOTS, A case study is a written or oral account of a real world situation that contains a message that educates the student. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. To be effective, an instructor utilizes people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills, This chapter explores the teaching process in general terms of how to prepare, present, apply, and assess lesson material. An important factor is chart format. Facts and ideas that have been logically organized can be concisely presented in rapid sequence. However, use of standardized materials, including a syllabus, is recommended. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. Lectures also may be used to introduce a unit of instruction or a complete training program. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by research. The video adds a multimedia element to the lecture, is a good attention getter, and can be used to visually demonstrate the learning objective, Even the most knowledgeable instructor must properly organize the material. Remember that during the preparation, the instructor listed some of the anticipated responses that would, if discussed by the students, indicate that they had a firm grasp of the subject.
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